EFFECT
OF THE CYP3A5 GENETIC POLYMORPHISM ON BLOOD LEVEL TO DOSE RATIO OF CYCLOSPORINE
IN THAI RENAL ALLOGRAFT RECIPIENTS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 230-236
Pailin Wannapraphan, Duangchit Panomvana
and Viroon Mavichak
ABSTRACT
This
study concentrated on the effect of CYP3A5 polymorphism on cyclosporine
(CsA) pharmacokinetics in Thai renal allograft recipients. A prospective
descriptive study design was used. Thirty-four renal transplant outpatients who
were on microemulsion CsA (Neoral®) and have had stable renal
allograft function for at least 3 months were recruited. CsA dose and general
demographic data of the patients were recorded. The CsA concentrations at C0
and C2 were determined in whole blood using the chemiluminescent
microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). CYP3A5 genotyping was determined by
real-time PCR technique. The results obtained indicated that CYP3A5
polymorphism was correlated with CsA dosage requirement in Thai renal
transplant patients. The weight-adjusted dose was significantly higher in the CYP3A5*1/*1
group as compare to CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A5*3/*3 group (2.66±0.49
vs 2.07±0.53 mg/kg/day, p=0.028) while the dose-adjusted C0 and C2
showed tendency to be lower in the CYP3A5*1/*1 group as compare to the
other group.
IMPACT
OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST INTERVENTION ON DECREASING INCIDENCE OF PREVENTABLE
ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 237-243
Osama H. Mohamed Ibrahim
ABSTRACT
Most
of the time discharge from the hospital after hospitalization involves
disturbance of care, multiple changes in medications and medication regimens,
and insufficient patient education, which can cause several adverse drug events
(ADEs) and unnecessary health care utilization that can be avoided. The objective
of this study is to determine the impact of clinical pharmacist intervention on
decreasing the incidence of preventable ADEs after patient discharge. A
randomized trial was conducted involving 250 patients being discharged from the
general medicine service at a large teaching hospital in Cairo (Egypt).
Patients in the intervention group received pharmacist counseling at discharge
and a follow-up telephone call 3 to 4 days later. Intervention group counseling
concentrates on reviewing indications, clarifying medication regimens;
explaining directions of use, explaining potential side effects of medications;
screening for barriers to adherence; and providing patient counseling. Patients
in the control group received the standard dispensing and counseling with no
follow-up telephone call. The primary outcome was the rate of preventable ADEs.
All patients in the trial were contacted 30 days after discharge to assess
adherence and the occurrence of ADE. Clinicalpharmacists observed that
medication non-adherence happened in about 13%.of the intervention group versus
24% in the control group (P-value < 0.05). Comparing study outcomes 30 days
after discharge, preventable ADEs were detected in 14% of patients in control
group and 3% of patients in intervention group (P-value<0.05). Clinical
pharmacists’ interventions such as medication review, patient counseling, and
telephone follow-up were associated with a statistically significant lower rate
of preventable ADEs 30 days after hospital discharge (P-value <0.05) through
reduction in medication discrepancies and improvement of adherence to
medication regimen. Greater roles for clinical pharmacists in hospital care
should be considered, especially in case of patient at high risk to ADE and
poor compliance.
EVALUATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND LIVER FUNCTION EVALUATED IN RATS
FOLLOWING THE CO-ADMINISTRATION OF CAPTOPRIL AND CIPROFLOXACIN
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 244-251
Essam
Ezzeldin and Hebatalla Ibrahim Ahmed
ABSTRACT
Simultaneous
co-administration of multiple drugs is highly probable to allow effective
treatment of a disease or multiple disease symptoms. Ciprofloxacin antibiotic
is in use worldwide and it is possible to be used in cardiovascular patient’s
treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the biochemical and
pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and captopril in rats. The
study was conducted in six groups of rats that received captopril 7.5 mg/kg,
ciprofloxacin 50 and 100 mg/kg alone or co-administered with captopril 7.5
mg/kg for 28 days. Captopril and Ciprofloxacin plasma levels were determined by
validated HPLC methods. Liver function biomarkers were also assessed.
Ciprofloxacin significantly increased the Cmax AUC0-12 and
AUC0-inf and prolonged t1/2 and MRT of captopril.
Conversely, captopril had no significance effect on the ciprofloxacin.Ciprofloxacin elevated the liver function
biomarkers. Therefore the clinical significant of this work should be taken
into consideration when these two agents are concomitantly administered.
Key
words
Ciprofloxacin; captopril; pharmacokinetics; drug-drug interaction; Rats
244-251
4
MEDICINE STOCK OUT AND
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN TANZANIA: A CASE OF DAR ES
SALAAM REGION HOSPITALS
MEDICINE
STOCK OUT AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN TANZANIA: A
CASE OF DAR ES SALAAM REGION HOSPITALS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 252-259
Godeliver A.B. Kagashe and Terevael Massawe
ABSTRACT
The
supply of medicines needs to be managed efficiently in order to prevent all
types of wastage including overstocking, pilferage and expiry. This wastage may
influence the quality of health care provided to patients. Problems of stock
outs or overstocking and expiry of medicines in public hospitals in Tanzania
have been reported. Factors contributing to these stock outs on one hand and
over stocking on the other are not very clear. This descriptive cross sectional
study therefore assessed the logistic skill levels of personnel involved in medicines
supply as well as inventory management of medicines in public hospitals in Dar
es Salaam region. Data was obtained using questionnaires as well as record
review of tracer medicines. Results show that logistic skill level was poor and
inventories were not well managed. Lack of funds and poor logistic skills
contributed to stock outs. It is recommended that personnel dealing with
medicines supply be trained in procurement and inventory management.
SIMULTANEOUS
DETERMINATION OF LOSARTAN AND ATORVASTATIN IN RAT PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATION TO
PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 260-270
Shankar Ganesh G,
Madhusudana K, Sai Shalini N and Ramakrishna Sistla
ABSTRACT
A simple, rapid,
economic and precise RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of Losartan (LOS)
and Atorvastatin (ATR) in rat plasma has been developed and validated.
Valsartan (VAL) was used as an internal standard. Extraction of the drug from
the plasma was carried out by precipitation method. Analysis was performed
using Kromasil C18 column (250 ´ 4.6 mm; 5µ) with mobile phase consisting
of acetonitrile and 0.02 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (containing 0.1%
heptanesulphonic acid, pH adjusted to 3.0 with ortho phosphoric acid) in the
ratio of 55:45 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1. Chromatographic
separation was monitored at 235 nm. The method was linear over a range of
10-1000 ng mL−1 for both the drugs. Limits of detection and Limits
of quantification were 2.9 ng mL−1 and 8.8 ng mL−1 for
LOS and 3.2 ng mL−1 and 9.8 ng mL−1ATR respectively. The method was validated
for accuracy, precision, specificity, recovery and stability. The applicability
of this method in pharmacokinetic studies was demonstrated.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
ACTIVITY, TOTAL FLAVONOIDS AND TANNINS CONTENT FROM THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SPILANTHES
PANICULATA LEAF GROWING IN BANGLADESH
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 271-277
Hemayet
Hossain, A.F.M Shahid-Ud-Daula, Kamrul Hasan, Abdullah-Al-Mansur and Muhammad
Mahbubul Haq
ABSTRACT
The crude
ethanolic extract of the leaves of Spilanthes
paniculata Wall.ex DC (Family: Asteraceae)
was evaluated for its possible anti-inflammatory activity as well as total
flavonoids and tannins content growing in northeast part of Bangladesh. The
anti-inflammatory activity was studied using carrageenan and histamine-induced
rat paw edema test at different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of the
ethanol extract. At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, the extract showed a
significant anti-inflammatory activity both in the carrageenan and
histamine-induced oedema test models in rats showing 55.63% and 56.52%
reduction in the paw volume (P<0.01) comparable to that produced by the
standard drug indomethacin (61.27% and 63.35%) at 4h respectively. The
percentage inhibition of the oedema paw volume by the 400 mg/kg body weight of
the extract was also statistically significant (P<0.05; P<0.01) compared
favorably with the indomethacin treated animals at 1, 2 and 3 h in both models.
The total flavonoids and tannins content were calculated as quite high in
ethanolic extract (112.98 mg/g
of quercetin equivalent and 187.27mg
of gallic acid equivalent respectively). Acute toxicity test showed that the
plant might be safe for pharmacological uses. Therefore, the obtained results
tend to suggest the acute anti-inflammatory activity as well as total
flavonoids and tannins content from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Spilanthes
paniculata and thus provide the scientific basis for the traditional
uses of this plant as a remedy for toothache, pain and inflammations.
Key words: Spilanthes paniculata, anti-inflammatory, carrageenan,
histamine, total flavonoids, total tannins.
271-277
7
ESTIMATION OF SERUM
ACTIVITIES OF ANTI-OXIDANT ENZYMES AND LEVELS OF INDICES OF RENAL DAMAGE IN
FEMALE WISTAR RATS DOSED WITHACETAMINOPHEN/METHIONINE
ESTIMATION
OF SERUM ACTIVITIES OF ANTI-OXIDANT ENZYMES AND LEVELS OF INDICES OF RENAL
DAMAGE IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS DOSED WITHACETAMINOPHEN/METHIONINE
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 278-286
Iyanda Ayobola Abolape and Adeniyi Francis
ABSTRACT
Acetaminophen abuse
is common in many parts of the world. At overdose levels it causes hepatic and
renal damage and because its treatment is expensive and prognosis is poor in
some cases, calls for inclusion of an antidote have been made. Results of a
past study showed that inclusion of methionine with acetaminophen in the ratio
of 1: 9 did not confer protection on the renal cells at very high level of
exposure; 40% and 100% mortality occurred at 3000 & 5000 mg/kg (BW) levels
of exposure respectively. The aim of this study is to exclude insufficient
methionine in that combination as cause of death in those animals, by using a
higher combination ratio of 1: 5 (methionine: acetaminophen). Female Wistar
rats were divided into 17 groups (n = 8), 16 groups were administered with
different doses of acetaminophen or acetaminophen/methionine ranging from 350 –
5000 mg/kg. The 17th group which served as the control received
physiologic saline. Route of administration was by gastric gavage. Whole blood
was obtained by retro-orbital bleeding; serum samples were utilized for the
estimation of renal indices, using assay kits. Kidney sections were stained
with hematoxylin & eosin.The
combination ratio of 1: 5 (methionine: acetaminophen) conferred protection on
renal cells even at doses as high as 3000 & 5000 mg/kg using biochemical
and histological markers as indices of study. Urea, creatinine and uric acid
were not significantly different in acetaminophen/methionine groups compared
with controls while histology result showed non-visible lesion at all levels of
exposure.The results suggested that
the effectiveness of methionine as an antidote in preventing renal damage after
exposure to toxic doses depends on the use of right combination ratio which in
the case of Wistar rats was found to be 1: 5 (methionine: acetaminophen).
ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF RITCHIEA LONGIPEDICELLATA
FAM. CAPPARIDACEAE
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 287-293
Anowi CF, Utoh-Nedosa UA, Onyegbule AF and Oche G
ABSTRACT
Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg had been reported in traditional
medicine, to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this study is aimed
at determining the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ritchiea
longipedicellata Gilg leaves against pathogenic microorganisms by determining
the minimal inhibitory concentration and to serve as criteria to recommend the
ethno pharmacological uses of the plant. Plant leaves were dried, powdered and
extracted by cold maceration with methanol for 24hours. Phytochemical screening
was done for alkaloids, saponin, essential oil, phenolic group, steroidal
nucleus, simple sugar, starch, cyanogenic glycoside, proteins and flavonoids
using standard procedures. Antimicrobial and minimal inhibitory concentration
screenings were done using agar diffusion technique. Antibacterial activity
test was conducted by screening against seven pathogens comprising both Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria obtained from Pharmaceutical Microbiology
laboratory stock. The extracts were screened against 24hour broth culture of
bacteria seeded in the nutrient agar at concentrations 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5
and 6.25 mg/ml in DMSO and incubated at 370C, for 24 hours and
measuring the inhibition zone diameter - IZD. The same was done for antifungal
screening, however, fungi were seeded into a sabouraud dextrose agar and
incubated for 72 hours at 250C (.Aspergillus niger and Candida
albican were used). The positive controls were ampicillin 20µg/ml and
clotrimazole cream 1mg/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. DMSO was
used as negative control. The results of phytochemical screening showed
moderate availability of alkaloid, simple sugar and abundance of flavonoids,
steroidal nucleus, essential oil, phenolic group, cyanogenic glycoside; absence
of starch and protein and doubtful quantity of saponin. Methanolic extract
inhibited with minimal inhibitory concentration of 200, 6.25, 200, 12.5, and
12.5 mg/ml against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. coli, B.
subtilis, and Sarcinae lutea respectively. The extract demonstrated
activities against certain bacteria confirming the use of the plant in ethno
pharmacology and since the root extract are more often used, it is yet to be
confirmed if it has more activity than the leaves against the test organisms.
Taking the least IZD of the standard (Ampicillin) as the breaking point, most
of the extracts passed the breaking point.
Keywords:Ritchiea longicellata, minimal inhibitory concentration,
antimicrobial screening, breaking point and activity.
287-293
9
FORMULATION AND
EVALUATION OF DOXORUBICIN LIPOSOMES
*Prasanth VV, Maharshi S, Sam T. Mathew, Abin Abraham, Kiran Jadhav
FORMULATION
AND EVALUATION OF DOXORUBICIN LIPOSOMES
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 294-298
Prasanth VV, Maharshi S, Sam
T. Mathew, Abin Abraham, Kiran Jadhav
ABSTRACT
Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer drug used in
the treatment of several cancers such as osteosarcoma, kaposis sarcoma. The
usage of the drug is limited because of its adverse effects on the heart. To
reduce the adverse effects and to increase the release rate doxorubicin is
formulated into liposomal dosage form. The liposomes are prepared by the thin
film hydration method.Using soyalecithin as the phospholipid. This study mainly
explains about the effect of concentration of soyalecithin, cholesterol and
DSPE-MPEG2000 on the particle size of formulated liposomes which
ranges in between 0.766 ± 0.03µm to 13.56 ±0.10 µm , drug entrappment efficiency of different formulations in which
maximum entrapment efficiency was determined as 96.45 ± 0.95 % and minimum was
24.89 ± 1.18 % , zeta potential which is determainedd as -0.271 mV, in vitro drug release in which the the
maximum sustain release was found as 41.45 ± 1.06 %and stability studies at different
temperatures and maximum drug retention was found in refrigerated temperature
2-8 oC.
Keywords:Liposomes, Doxorubicin, Film hydration method, Soyalecithin,
In vitro release
294-298
10
SYNTHYSES,
REACTIONAND CHARACTRIZATION OF QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES
*O.A. Fathalla, M.E.A. Zaki, Eman A. ElHefny and S.A. Swelam
SYNTHYSES, REACTIONAND CHARACTRIZATION OF QUINOLINE
DERIVATIVES
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 299-305
O.A. Fathalla, M.E.A. Zaki,
Eman A. ElHefnyand S.A. Swelam
Starting with 4, 7-dichloroquinoline and on treatment with hydrazine
hydrate we obtained the hydrazine derivative 1. Compound 1
reacted with dithioacetal to give compounds 2a, b, respectively.
Compound 2a reactedwith
formamide and formic acid to give compounds 3 and 4. The imidoformatederivative 5 obtained
through the reaction of compound 2a with trimethyl orthoformate in
presence of acetic anhydride. The imino derivatives 6a-c was obtained
upon reacting of 5 with hydrazine hydrate and appropriate primary
amines. The chloroquinoline
derivative 7 was subjected to react with glycine, anthranilic acid,
hydrazine hydrate and appropriate primary amines affording compounds 8,
9, 10a-d, respectively Also compound 10a
was allowed to react sodium azide and acetohydrazid affording fused quinolone
derivatives 11and 12. Compounds 2a and 2b
were allowed to react with aryl sulfonylchloride, namely benzene
sulfonylchloride, p-toluene sulfonylchloride p-chlorosulfonylchloride and p-bromo
benzene sulfonylchloride to give the corresponding 13a-d, 14a-d
derivatives,respectively.All
structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by their correct
values in elemental analysis and spectral data.
The
present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of
roots of Lawsonia inermis (LI)ethanolicextract in paracetamol and anti tubercular
drugs induced hepatotoxicity inWistar
rats. Roots of LI were extracted with alcohol and water which has given
ethanolic extract of LI & aqueous
extract of LI. Preliminary
phytochemical tests were done. The in
vitro hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of lawsonia inermis (LIALC) and aqueous
extract of lawsonia inermis (LIAQ)
were assessed. The in vivo
hepatoprotective activity of LIALC was investigated against Paracetamol and
Anti-TB drugs induced hepatotoxicity in Rats. Phytochemical analysis revealed
presence of lactones, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, tannins
compounds, which have been known for their hepatoprotective activities. In both
in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective models, the levels of cytosolic enzymes,
a marker of oxidative damage to hepatocytes, were significantly reversed to
almost to normal in dose dependent manner.Both the extracts significantly increased the levels of endogenous
antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione (GSH)
as compared to control. LI possesses marked hepatoprotective activity
against paracetamol and anti tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats as
evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro results. The activity may be
attributed to the individual or combined action of phytoconstituents present in
it.
A VALIDATED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR
DETERMINATION OF GUAIFENESIN AND PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN TABLET DOSAGE
FORM
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 317-321
Rahul
Sahu, NPS Sengar, Parul D. Mehta and NS Lodhi
ABSTRACT
A
simple, accurate, rapid, precise, specific and cost effective reverse phase
high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method have been developed and
subsequently validated for simultaneous estimation of Guaifenesin (GUA) and
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Chromatography is carried out isocratically at 25°C ± 0.5°C on an Prontosil
C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5μ particle size) with a mobile phase composed of
acetonitrile-methanol-phosphate buffer (pH-5.0) (72:8:20, v/v/v) at a flow rate
of 1.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out using a PDA detector at 218 nm.
Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity and
ruggedness are studied as reported in the International Conference on
Harmonization guidelines. The retention times for GUA and PSE are 2.99 ± 0.5
min and 5.04 ± 0.5 min respectively. The linearity range for GUA and PSEare 15-75 µgml-1 and 6-30
µgml-1 respectively. The percentage recoveries of GUA and PSE are
98.72 and 98.35% respectively. The correlation coefficients for both components
are close to 1. The relative standard deviations for three replicate
measurements in three concentrations of samples in tablets are always less than
2%.
ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC BARK
EXTRACT OF VITEX NEGUNDO Linn
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 322-326
Sampath
kumar Ch, Rajender Arutla and Sunil Kumar M
ABSTRACT
The
present study was undertaken to assess the analgesic effect of methanolic
extract of Vitex negundo bark in
albino rats. The analgesic action in acute pain models was studied by tail
flick method and hot plate method. The methanolic extract of Vitex negundo bark was screened for
phytochemical analysis and it’s revealed the presence of all components. The
adult Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into four groups of six each and
maintained under ideal laboratory conditions. Group I was taken as control and
group II treated with the standard drug diclofenac sodium (9mg/kg), the
methanolic extract of Vitex negundo
bark 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg were fed to group III, IV. It is observed that the
both Vitex negundo bark shows
considerable analgesic effect in acute pain models which is less than the
effect of Diclofenac group. The higher dose groups of Vitex negundo bark extract (300mg/kg) was revealed more activity
than their corresponding lower dose.
Well
said that research is a never ending field but still is always motivates to one
& all for thinking beyond in order to create miracles. And the 2020 will be
miracles world for pharma sector. At that time the time will be OTC medicines.
The Indian pharmaceutical sector is the highly organized sector; it ranks very
high amongst all the thirds world countries in the term of technology, quality
and the vast range of medicines that are manufactured.
Keywords: Pharma, Trend, India and Pharmaceuticals
327-329
15
ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF THE PLUMERIA
RUBRA LEAVES EXTRACT
*Vimlesh Misra, Sheikh Mubeen Uddin, Vivek Srivastava and Umashankar Sharma
ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF THE PLUMERIA RUBRA LEAVES EXTRACT
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 330-332
Vimlesh
Misra, Sheikh Mubeen Uddin, Vivek Srivastava and Umashankar Sharma
ABSTRACT
Antipyretic effect of ethanolic extract of the leaf of plumeria rubra was investigated.
Intraperitoneal administration of boiled milk at a dose 0.5 ml/kg body weight
in albino rabbit leads to pyrexia. Intraperitoneal (i. p. route) administration
of ethanolic extract of the leaf of plumeria
rubra at a dose 200mg/kg body weight were shown significantly reduce the
elevated body temperature of rabbit which was compared withaspirin (Standard Drug) and solvent used.
COMPARISON STUDIES OF UNCOATED &
ENTERIC COATED ASPIRIN FORMULATIONS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 333-336
K. Gouthami, M.
Raghavendra Praneeth, Ch. Madhu Sudan, C. Vandhit Reddy, Roopa Patel, Sarojini
N, AS Rao and V. Lokeswara Babu
ABSTRACT
Aspirin is belonging to the class of NSAID
having analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activity at
regular normal doses. At higher doses it causes gastrointestinal ulcers,
stomach bleeding etc. This effect of aspirin can be minimized by preventing the
drug exposure to the gastric region which is achieved by using enteric coating
of the aspirin tablet. The present study involves comparison of physical
evaluation of uncoated tablets with that of enteric coated tablets of Aspirin.
Keywords:Aspirin,
Enteric coating, Gastrointestinal Ulcers and NSAID
333-336
17
OCCURRENCE OF CHLORIDE ENRICHED CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTAL IN CISSUS
QUADRANGULARIS LINN
*Rupali Taur, Shantanu Chavan and Narayan Pandhure
OCCURRENCE OF CHLORIDE ENRICHED CALCIUM
OXALATE CRYSTAL IN CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS LINN
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 337-340
Rupali Taur, Shantanu Chavan and Narayan
Pandhure
ABSTRACT
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. is known for its ability
to accelerate the healing process of bone fracture in Indian Ayurvedic
medicinal plant. It is a rich source of vitamin C, β carotene and calcium. The
plant part used in this study is stem of Cissus
quadrangularis Linn.The fleshy
stem are ground in a heavy duty blender and sieved through a 0.20mm sieve. The
suspension obtained is suspended in distilled water. The crystals are
concentrated at the bottom of a test tube. The supernatant must be washed until
it is free of plant pigment and other organic substances. The calcium crystals
have well defined and sharp peaks, indicating very high crystallinity. Secondly
the profile shows highest peak of calcium for the first time. Peaks for
chloride are the indicators of enrichment of chloride in Calcium oxalate
crystals. The objective of this study is to extract, to study crystal
morphology and chemical constituents of crystals.
Keywords:Bone healing, Calcium chloride, Cissus quadrangularis, crystallinity,Extraction of calcium oxalate.
337-340
18
TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN LEGAL CONTEXT FOR VETERINARIANS
*Modi CM, Dudhatra GB, Avinash Kumar, Chukewar AB, Awale MM, Patel HB and Mody SK
TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN LEGAL
CONTEXT FOR VETERINARIANS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 341-347
Modi CM,
Dudhatra GB, Avinash Kumar, Chukewar AB, Awale MM, Patel HB and Mody SK
ABSTRACT
Due
to rapid industrial expansion and change in socio-economic dynamics of human
population, the death and also cruelty to animals due to toxicant, poisons or
industrial or agricultural chemicals is very common social phenomenon now a
days. The prevention of such incidences depends on investigation of incidence,
finalizing causes of death and cruelty to animals and formulating policy based
on findings and experiences. Under such toxicological investigation,
Veterinarian plays key role by offering his services to law enforcing agency
for performing the post-mortem, collection of samples, submitting the samples
to forensic laboratory and interpretation of results hereby obtained. All these
functions become very crucial when there is involvement of legal disputes or
conflicts. Under such condition, Veterinarian is authorized sources of expert
evidence and opinions as per Expert Witness Act of India. Veterinarian has to
present his findings and related opinions in the presence of court jury.
Admissibility of expert evidences and opinions depends on accuracy of
Veterinarian’s professional functions performed during investigation of cases.
It is a challenging job for Veterinarian to investigate veterolegal cases in
field condition in order to protect the interest of animal or owner or society
or government. So the intersection of knowledge of toxicological and legal
matters is of vital for Veterinarians to understand and to conduct such
investigation in most correct ways. The present review is focused on blending
of technicality of toxicological investigation and its legality for the use of
court and jury.
Keywords: Toxicological investigation, Veterinarians
and Veterolegal.
341-347
19
EFFECT OF OFLOXACIN ON TIZANIDINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN RATS
*Dipika S. Sherkar, Vaibhav G. Bhamre, Deelip V. Derle, Minal R. Narkhede, Jitesh H. Shet and Amit Tiwari
EFFECT OF OFLOXACIN ON TIZANIDINE
PHARMACOKINETICS IN RATS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 348-352
Dipika S. Sherkar,
Vaibhav G. Bhamre, Deelip V. Derle, Minal R. Narkhede, Jitesh H. Shet and Amit
Tiwari
ABSTRACT
Objective
ofthis work was to study the effect
of ofloxacin on bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of
tizanidine in rats. A single dose parallel design was used with 36 animals
randomly divided in reference group and test group.All the rats received 7 mg tizanidine orally
and in test group 200 mg ofloxacin was co-administered with tizanidine. Nine
blood samples were collected from each animal over a 24-hour period. Plasma
tizanidine concentrations were determined by HPTLC using UV detection, and
pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental method. The
mean value of the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of tizanidine
decreased significantly (8.47%, P value <0.001; 90% CI, 91.32% -91.72%) in
animals who had given the drug with ofloxacin (Cmax , 31.54 ± 0.16
µg/mL) than those who had given the drug with water (Cmax, 34.46 ±
0.07 µg/mL). The area under the plasma concentration time curve from t=0 to
time of the last measureable concentration (AUC0-t) was also
increased significantly (17.17%, P value <0.001; 90% CI, 116.99% -117.34%).
Similarly, the value of area under the concentration-time curve from t=0 to
infinity (AUC0-∞) value was increased significantly (5.24% %, P value
<0.001; 90% CI, 103.77% -104.83%); these changes were not within the 90% CI
range of 80.000 - 125.000 % which is the acceptable range of bioequivalence. Tmax,T1/2,terminal elimination rate constant (λz),
CL/F value, Vd/F value, AUMC0-t and AUMC0-∞
values, MRT0-t and MRT0-∞ values and % relative
bioavailability (Fr) value for test group were also determined and compared
with reference group. Form results the values of Cmax and AUC0-∞
were not within the bioequivalence acceptable range and from statistical
analysis the reference and test samples were found to be bio-in-equivalent,
suggesting the improved tizanidine oral bioavailability and therapeutic
efficacy due to co-administration of ofloxacin.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES
OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF ROOTS OF EUGENIA
JAMBOLANA
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 353-355
S.M. Patil and R.
Saini
ABSTRACT
The
present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activities of the ethyl acetate extract of roots of Eugenia jambolana. The ethyl acetate extract of Eugenia jambolana in gum acacia was
administered orally at 150 and 300mg/kg. The results of the present study
revealed that the treatment groups showed a significant reduction in paw volume
in a dose dependent manner indicating their anti-inflammatory action, which had
provided a proof for the scientific validation of their ethno pharmacological
property.
Although in
vitro and in vivo laboratory studies have suggested that benzalkonium chloride
(BKC) in ophthalmic solutions may be detrimental to corneal epithelial cells,
multiple short- and long-term clinical studies have provided evidence
supporting the safety of BKC. Despite the conflicting evidence, BKC is the most
commonly used preservative in ophthalmic products largely due to its proven
antimicrobial efficacy. This study was designed to characterize the
preservative efficacy performance of two commonly used ocular hypotensive
agents that employ BKC as preservative: latanoprost with 0.01% BKC and
travoprost 0.02% BKC, in an isotonic buffer solution.
CHALLENGES IN TRANSDERMAL FORMULATION: IN
VITRO EVALUATION
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 362-365
Mudasir Mohamad
and Roheena Jan
ABSTRACT
One of the most
vital challenges for Transdermal Therapy is the skin, itself acting as a
barrier. Hence, in this study, an attempt was made to elucidate the transdermal
permeation potential of Surfactant (Brij-58 & Brij-30)in comparison to
terpene (clove oil) using Aceclofenac as a model drug. The in vitro skin permeation studies for aceclofenac in various drug
solutions revealed that the drug in isotonic phosphate buffer was able to
permeate skin with a flux which is not significant for transdermal permeation
from any formulation. Addition of co- solvent (ethanol 95%) resulted in an
increase in the flux. Different skin permeation enhancers were tried in an
attempt to increase permeation of the drug in order to achieve the desired
plasma concentration of aceclofenac. Enhancers tried included, Brij-58, Brij-30
and Clove oil. All skin permeation enhancers increased the flux of drug with
respect to their respective controls. An increase in both the flux as well as
permeability coefficient of the drug was seen when the concentration of
enhancers was increased from 1% to 2% in case of Brij-58 and Brij-30 and from
1-10% in case of Clove oil. On the basis of these studies 2% Brij-58 which
showed highest permeation potential was selected as permeation enhancer for the
design of Transdermal Therapeutic System.
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
INFLUENCING FACTORS, STUDY METHODS AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Int J Pharm.,
2012, 2(2), 366-374
Ravi Theaj
Prakash U and Padma Thiagarajan
ABSTRACT
Drug delivery
across the skin offers several advantages, which includes bypassing of
gastrointestinal tract and deviation from liver metabolism. Several drugs have
been successfully assimilated through this route, which is in turn controlled
by the drug lipophilicities and molecular weights along with their partition
coefficients. The age and condition of the skin are also determining factors.
However, an obvious barrier to this process is the stratum corneum which
restricts efficient penetration of drugs. This drawback has been partially
overcome by the use of permeation enhancers, and also by coercive techniques,
which promote easy drug uptake, as proved by various in vitro and in vivo assays.
Consequently, several transdermal delivery based therapeutic systems have been
developed to treat various specific pathological conditions. The factors
controlling drug uptake and penetration enhancers have been discussed in this
review, along with some important therapeutic applications.
Key words: Transdermal drug delivery, Stratum corneum,
Penetration enhancers and Transdermal therapeutics.
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Pharmaceutics
